Title: Nuclear Capabilities And Deterrence
Course: India vs Pakistan War > Section: Module 7: Nuclear Capabilities And Deterrence

Nuclear Capabilities and Deterrence

The nuclear capabilities of both India and Pakistan have played a significant role in shaping the dynamics of their bilateral relations. Since their respective nuclear tests in 1974 for India and 1998 for Pakistan, the two countries have maintained a delicate balance of power rooted in nuclear deterrence. This strategic equilibrium has been critical in preventing full-scale wars, despite several military standoffs and conflicts that have arisen over the years, particularly concerning the long-standing Kashmir dispute[1]. Both nations have developed a range of nuclear delivery systems, including ballistic and cruise missiles, to enhance their deterrent capabilities. This development has largely been driven by the historical and ongoing security challenges they perceive from each other, as well as from other regional actors[13][5]. While the United States and the United Kingdom had historically been major suppliers of military hardware to both countries, their nuclear programs have largely been indigenously developed, with varying degrees of external assistance and technological acquisition[5][2]. The doctrine of deterrence that both countries adhere to is underscored by a "no first use" policy, declared by India, and a "first use" option that Pakistan retains. This difference in nuclear posture reflects their distinct strategic imperatives and threat perceptions[1]. Despite occasional escalations, the presence of nuclear weapons on both sides has been a critical factor in preventing conflicts from escalating into full-scale wars, emphasizing the role of nuclear deterrence as a stabilizing factor in South Asian geopolitics[4].