The political landscape in the Philippines is characterized by several challenges and issues that affect its governance and democratic processes. One of the prominent challenges is the dominance of a powerful elite, which often leads to dynastic politics at both the local and national levels[17]. This concentration of power can undermine democratic principles and limit opportunities for broader citizen participation, which is essential for a healthy democracy[14]. Another significant issue is the weakness of political parties in the Philippines. Political parties are crucial for ensuring accountability and ideological coherence in a democracy[16][25]. However, the prevalence of excessive party switching by politicians weakens this system, leading to a lack of clear political direction and reduced accountability[25]. Despite numerous legislative attempts to institutionalize a stable party system, these efforts have yet to achieve their intended outcomes[26]. Furthermore, the legislative and judicial branches face challenges in maintaining their roles and effectiveness. The legislative power is shared between the government and a bicameral congress, which can sometimes lead to conflicts and inefficiencies in law-making processes[1]. Meanwhile, the judicial branch, tasked with settling legal controversies and ensuring the enforceability of rights, plays a crucial role in maintaining checks and balances within the government[8]. However, the effectiveness of these branches can be compromised by political interference and a lack of independence[9][24].